Hot and Dry Climate

b) Climatic Features

(i) Temperature :

Here, maximum temperatures of 40 to 45°C are common, although during colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies.

Heat and cold produces the least observable effect in sandy desert. In contrast, their impact is much greater in rocky deserts.
In cold desert, rainfall is frozen at night in winter. When water goes into the tiny cervices and expands, the rocks are forced to split up.
In hot deserts, the fragmenting force of temperature is slower. Rock surfaces reach 70oC or 80oC at midday and cool down to freezing point at midnight. Expansion under the sun and contraction at night weaken the surface layers and cause flaking.

(ii) Rainfall :

Rain rarely falls in desert. When it comes, it comes in the form of thunderstorm. The rainfall in desert areas is less than 250 mm or 10 inches per year, and some years may experience no rainfall at all.

In sandy desert, the rain usually drains away promptly and only change the landscapecomparatively slightly. In contrast, the torrential downpour in rocky deserts drains into wadis (rocky watercourses that is dry except after heavy rain). This deepen the dry valleys. Heavy downpour can build up into flash flood, carrying sand, gravel and then large rocks and boulders. Thus, at the end of most wadis, there is an enormous bank of sand and stone( known as "alluvial fan" ).The surplus sediment from the flash flood forms muddy lakes of different size and duration.

(iii) Winds :

Wind dehydrates soils and living things. Sand and dust particles are moved by desert winds. Desert winds also remove organic debris that makes the soil fertile. Since plants are scarce in deserts, wind erosion occurs more easily. Take Prairie States of North America as an example, a productive area was reduced in the 1930s to desert by desert wind (devastating tornado winds from desert), over-cropping and over-cultivating. The fine dust can be carried to kilometers away and thousands of meters up. Large amount of the fine duct rest in more temperate or moister regions and from the basis of loess (a fertile soil).